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本案是否适用定金罚则?/刘四根

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本案是否适用定金罚则?
[案情]
原告爱发公司与被告八都众想家具公司(下称众想公司)1988年5月12日签订了一份《购销合同》,该合同约定:爱发公司向众想公司定做众想牌大圆桌22张,单价为630元,共计13230元;小圆桌12张,单价550元,共计6600元;餐椅370张,单价110元,共计40700元,总计价格为60530元。交货时间为同年8月底。交货方式为众想公司送货到爱发公司的宾馆。付款方式为爱发公司派人到众想公司验收,验收后一次性付清货款。爱发公司应按15%给付众想公司定金9079元。合同签订后,6月9日,爱发公司给付了众想公司定金8000元,众想公司也积极制作桌椅。后来因为爱发公司所筹建的宾馆一直未开张营业,其不再想要该批货,也就没有到众想公司验收货物。1999年,众想公司见爱发公司久久没来验收,也没来要货,就把这批货低价卖给了他人。2001、2002年,爱发公司向众想公司索要定金未果,2003年,爱发公司向法院提起诉讼,要求众想公司双倍返还定金16000元。
[分歧]
在处理上,存在三种不同的意见:
第一种意见认为,原、被告所签订的《购销合同》由于双方都没有按合同约定履行,该合同实际上已经消灭,根据担保法的规定,主合同消灭,其约定的定金也发生消灭。所以被告应返还原告现金8000元。
第二种意见认为,原告没有违约。理由是原、被告所签订的合同是承揽合同,原告有权随时解除合同。本案不适用定金罚则,被告应返还原告定金8000元。当然如果原告解除合同对被告造成了损失,根据被告的实际损失情况,原告应当另行赔偿。
第三种意见认为,原告没有按约前来验收并交清货款,其违反了先履行义务,被告有权拒绝原告交货的要求,并依法享有留置权。因原告的宾馆未开张经营,原告不想再要货了,致使合同不能履行,原告违约,因此被告有权解除合同,原告无权要求被告返还定金。
[评议]
笔者同意第二种意见。理由如下:
所谓定金,是指合同当事人为了确保合同的履行,依据法律和合同的规定,由一方按合同标的额的一定比例预先给付对方的金钱或其他代替物。《合同法》第115条规定,“当事人可以依照《担保法》约定一方向对方给付定金作为债权的担保。债务人履行债务后,定金应当抵作价款或者收回。给付定金的一方不履行约定的债务,无权要求返还定金;收受定金的一方不履行约定的债务的,应当双倍返还定金。这是《合同法》规定的定金罚则。定金在性质上属于违约金,适用于债务不履行的行为,这是定金罚则适用的实质条件。约定定金具有从合同的性质,它以主合同的存在为必要条件,并以主合同存在违约为前提条件,这是定金罚则适用的前提条件。
本案的主合同是承揽合同。原告是定作方,被告是承揽方。原、被告所签订的合同合法有效。在签订合同时,原告为了确保该合同的履行,使其开办的宾馆能如期开业,原告向被告预交了定金8000元,被告也积极按约加工制作。后来因为原告的原因,宾馆没有开张,原告不想再要该批货了,按《合同法》第268条规定,原告可以随时解除承揽合同,造成承揽人损失的,应当赔偿损失。那么原告有解除权,是否意味着原告不存在违约?答案是肯定的。因为原告行使解除权是法律赋予他的权利,不必要有什么理由,只要定作人认为自己不再需要继续此项工作,即可以解除,且不受时间的限制。所以原告解除合同的行为并不是违约,本案缺乏适用定金罚则的前提条件;同时,为了保护承揽人的利益,《合同法》还规定了定作人解除合同并不免除其承担赔偿的责任,但这里的“赔偿损失”不是“违约金”和“定金”或其他,本案缺乏适用定金罚则的实质条件。
另外,原告进行赔偿的前提条件是原告(定作人)的解除合同给被告(承揽人)造成了损失,若无损失则不赔偿。被告要求赔偿时,对所造成的损失及损失的大小应负举证责任。


江西省吉水县法院 刘四根

转发州财政局州监察局关于规范州级编制内事业单位收支管理暂行办法的通知

贵州省黔西南布依族苗族自治州人民政府办公室


转发州财政局州监察局关于规范州级编制内事业单位收支管理暂行办法的通知

州府办发〔2009〕123号


各县、市人民政府,州政府有关工作部门,顶效开发区管委会:

州财政局、州监察局《关于规范州级编制内事业单位收支管理暂行办法》已经州人民政府研究同意,现转发给你们,请认真组织实施。



黔西南州人民政府办公室

二〇〇九年十一月二十六日



关于规范州级编制内事业单位收支管理暂行办法

州财政局 州监察局



根据《国务院关于加强预算外资金管理的决定》(国发〔1996〕29号)、《财政部关于加强政府非税收入管理的通知》(财综〔2004〕53号)、《省人民政府办公厅关于政府非税收入管理改革工作的意见》(黔府办发〔2009〕73号)及《州人民政府办公室关于印发黔西南州政府非税收入管理改革工作方案的通知》(州府办发〔2009〕105号)。为规范我州编制内事业单位收支行为,结合我州实际,制定本暂行办法。

第一条 州级编制内事业单位(含下属财政全额拨款、差额、定额拨款及自收自支事业单位)、代行政府职能的社会团体及其他组织,均按本暂行办法规定执行。

所称编制内的事业单位是指经黔西南州机构编制委员会行文定员定编、明确级别的事业单位。

第二条 单位依法利用政府权力、政府信誉收取的行政事业性收费、政府性基金、国有资源有偿使用收入、国有资产有偿使用收入、国有资本经营收益、彩票公益金、罚没收入、以政府名义接受的捐赠收入、提供特定公共服务或准公共服务收费、主管部门集中收入以及政府财政性资金产生的利息收入等属财政性资金。上述收入需要依法纳税的,其缴纳税款后的余额缴入国库或财政专户。

第三条 单位有第二条所列收入未纳入财政管理的,一律按照现行财政管理体制有关收入划分的规定,缴入国库或财政专户实行“收支两条线”管理。支出根据需要和有关规定报经财政审批执行。

第四条 凡收入未按规定缴入国库或财政专户管理的,按照《财政违法行为处罚处分条例》(国务院令第427号)进行处罚。

第五条 各县(市)、顶效开发区可参照执行本办法。

第六条 本办法由州财政局负责解释。

第七条 本办法自发布之日起执行。




BILLS OF EXCHANGE ORDINANCE ——附加英文版

Hong Kong


BILLS OF EXCHANGE ORDINANCE
 (CHAPTER 19)
 ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS
  
  ion
  I    PRELIMINARY PROVISIONS
  hort title
  nterpretation
  II    BILLS OF EXCHANGE
  and Interpretation
  efinition of bill of exchange
  nland and foreign bills
  ffect where different parties to bill are the same person
  ddress to drawee
  ertainty required as to payee
  hat bills are negotiable
  um payable
  Bill payable on demand
  Bill payable at future time
  Omission of date in bill payable after date
  Ante-dating and post-dating
  Computation of time of payment
  Referee in case of need
  Optional stipulations by drawer or indorser
  Definition and requisites of acceptance
  Time for acceptance
  General and qualified acceptance
  Inchoate instruments
  Delivery
  city and authority of parties
  Capacity of parties
  Signature essential to liability
  Forged or unauthorized signature
  Procuration signature
  Person signing as agent or in representative capacity
  Corporate signatures
  ideration for bill
  Value and holder for value
  Accommodation party
  Holder in due course
  Presumption of value and good faith
  
  tiation of bill
  Negotiation of bill
  Requisites of valid indorsement
  Conditional indorsement
  Indorsement in blank and special indorsement
  Restrictive indorsement
  Negotiation of overdue or dishonoured bill
  Negotiation of bill to party already liable thereon
  Rights and powers of holder
  ral duties of the holder
  When presentment for acceptance is necessary
  Time for presenting bill payable after sight
  Rules as to presentment for acceptance, and excuses for non-
  entment
  Non-acceptance
  Dishonour by non-acceptance and its consequences
  Duties as to qualified acceptances
  Rules as to presentment for payment
  Excuses for delay or non-presentment for payment
  Dishonour by non-payment
  Notice of dishonour and effect of non-notice
  Rules as to notice of dishonour
  Excuses for non-notice and delay
  Noting or protest of bill
  Duties of holder as regards drawee or acceptor
  ilities of parties
  Funds in hands of drawee
  Liability of acceptor
  Liability of drawer or indorser
  Stranger signing bill liable as indorser
  Measure of damages against parties to dishonoured bill
  Transferor by delivery and transferee
  harge of bill
  Payment in due course
  Banker paying demand draft whereon indorsement is forged
  Acceptor the holder at maturity
  Express waiver
  Cancellation
  Alteration of bill
  ptance and payment for honour
  Acceptance for honour supra protest
  Liability of acceptor for honour
  Presentment to acceptor for honour
  Payment for honour supra protest Lost instrument
  Holder's right to duplicate of lost bill
  Action on lost bill
  in a set
  Rules as to bill in set
  lict of laws
  Rules where laws conflict
  
  III   CHEQUES ON A BANKER
  Definition of cheque
  Presentment of cheque for payment
  Revocation of banker's authority Crossed cheques
  Definition of general and special crossings
  Crossing by drawer or after issue
  Crossing a material part of cheque
  Duties of banker as to crossed cheque
  Protection to banker and drawer where cheque is crossed
  Effect of crossing on holder
  Drafts on bankers payable to order on demand sufficient authority
for
  ent without proof of indorsement
  Protection of bankers paying unindorsed or irregularly indorsed
  ues, etc.
  Rights of bankers collecting cheques not indorsed by
  ers
  Unindorsed cheques as evidence of payment
  Protection of bankers collecting payment of cheques, etc.
  Application of provisions of this part to instruments not being
bills
  xchange
  Saving
  IV    PROMISSORY NOTES
  Definition of promissory note
  Delivery necessary
  Joint and several notes
  Note payable on demand
  Presentment for payment
  Liability of maker
  Application of Part II to notes
  V    SUPPLEMENTARY
  Good faith
  Signature
  Computation of time
  When noting equivalent to protest
  Protest when notary not accessible
  Crossing of dividend warrant
  Saving
  dule. Form of protest, without notary
  odify the law relating to bills of exchange, cheques and
promissory
  s. [4 May 1885]
 PART I PRELIMINARY PROVISIONS
  
  ed 51 of 1911; 63 of 1911 Schedule)
  hort title
  Ordinance may be cited as the Bills of Exchange Ordinance.
  nded 5 of 1924 s. 6)
  1882 c. 61 s. 1U. K.]
  nterpretation
  his Ordinance, unless the context otherwise requires--
  eptance" means an acceptance completed by delivery or
notification;
  ion" means action or suit and includes counterclaim and set-off;
  ker" includes a body of persons, whether incorporated or 
not, who
  y on the business of banking;
  krupt" includes any person whose estate is vested in a 
trustee or
  gnee under the law relating to bankruptcy; (Amended 50 of 1911;
62 of
  Schedule)
  rer" means the person in possession of a bill or note
  h is payable to bearer;
  l" means bill of exchange, and "note"
  s promissory note;
  ivery" means transfer of possession, actual or
  tructive, from one person to another;
  eral holiday" has the same meaning as in the Holidays Ordinance 
(Cap.
  ; (Added 5 of 1912 s. 8)
  der" means the payee or indorsee of a bill or note who 
is in
  ession of it, or the bearer thereof;
  orsement" means an indorsement completed by delivery;
  ue" means the first delivery of a bill or note, complete in form,
to a
  on who takes it as a holder;
  son" includes a body of persons, whether incorporated or not;
  ue" means valuable consideration.
  nded 43 of 1912 Schedule)
  1882 c. 61 s. 2 U. K.]
 PART II BILLS OF EXCHANGE
  
  nded 51 of 1911; 63 of 1911 Schedule)
  and Interpretation
  efinition of bill of exchange
  A bill of exchange is an unconditional order in writing, addressed 
by
  person to another, signed by the person giving it, 
requiring the
  on to whom it is addressed to pay on demand or at a 
fixed or
  rminable future time a sum certain in money to, or to the order
of, a
  ified person or to bearer.
  An instrument which does not comply with these conditions, or 
which
  rs any act to be done in addition to the payment of money, is 
not a
  of exchange.
  An order to pay out of a particular fund is not
  nditional within the meaning of this section; but an unqualified
order
  ay, coupled with--
  an indication of a particular fund out of which the drawee 
is to
  burse himself or a particular account to be debited with the 
amount;
  
  a statement of the transaction which gives rise to the 
bill, is
  nditional.
  A bill is not invalid by reason--
  that it is not dated;
  that it does not specify the value given or that any value has 
been
  n therefor;
  that it does not specify the place where it is drawn
  he place where it is payable.
  1882 c. 61 s. 3 U. K.]
  nland and foreign bills
  An inland bill is a bill which is or on the face of it purports
to be-
  
  both drawn and payable within the Colony; or
  drawn within the Colony, upon some person resident therein.
  Any other bill is a foreign bill.
  Unless the contrary appears on the face of the bill, the holder 
may
  t it as an inland bill.
  1882 c. 61 s. 4 U. K.]
  ffect where different parties to bill are the same person
  A bill may be drawn payable to, or to the order of, the drawer;
or it
  be drawn payable to, or to the order of, the drawee.
  Where, in a bill, drawer and drawee are the same person, or where 
the
  ee is a fictitious person or a person not having capacity to
contract,
  holder may treat the instrument, at his option, either as a 
bill of
  ange or as a promissory note. [cf. 1882 c. 61 s. 5 U. K.]
  ddress to drawee
  The drawee must be named or otherwise indicated in a 
bill with
  onable certainty.
  A bill may be addressed to two or more drawees,
  her they are partners or not, but an order addressed to two drawees
in
  alternative, or to two or more drawees in succession, is not a
bill of
  ange.
  1882 c. 61 s. 6 U. K.]
  
  ertainty required as to payee
  Where a bill is not payable to bearer, the payee must be 
named or
  rwise indicated therein with reasonable certainty.
  A bill may be made payable to two or more payees jointly, or it
may be
  payable in the alternative to one of two or one or some of 
several
  es. A bill may also be made payable to the bolder of an office
for the
  being.
  Where the payee is a fictitious or non-existing person, the bill 
may
  reated as payable to bearer.
  1882 c. 61 s. 7 U. K.]
  hat bills are negotiable
  Where a bill contains words prohibiting transfer, or 
indicating an
  ntion that it should not be transferable, it is valid as between 
the
  ies thereto, but is not negotiable.
  A negotiable bill may be payable either to order or to bearer.
  A bill is payable to bearer which is expressed to be so payable,
or on
  h the only or last indorsement is an indorsement in blank.
  A bill is payable to order which is expressed to be so payable, 
or
  h is expressed to be payable to a particular person, and 
does not
  ain words prohibiting transfer or indicating an intention 
that it
  ld not be transferable.
  Where a bill, either originally or by
  rsement, is expressed to be payable to the order of a 
specified
  on, and not to him or his order, it is nevertheless payable to
him or
  order at his option.
  1882 c. 61 s. 8 U. K.]
  um payable
  The sum payable by a bill is a sum certain within the meaning of 
this
  nance, although it is required to be paid--
  with interest;
  by stated instalments;
  by stated instalments, with a provision that, upon default in 
payment
  ny instalment, the whole shall become due;
  according to an indicated rate of exchange or according to a rate 
of
  ange to be ascertained as directed by the bill.
  Where the sum payable is expressed in words and also in figures, 
and
  e is a discrepancy between the two, the sum denoted by the words 
is
  amount payable.
  Where a bill is expressed to be payable with
  rest, unless the instrument otherwise provides, interest runs
from the
  of the bill, and, if the bill is undated, from the issue thereof.
  1882 c. 61 s. 9 U. K.]
  Bill payable on demand
  A bill is payable on demand--
  which is expressed to be payable on demand, or at sight, 
or on
  entation; or
  in which no time for payment is expressed.
  Where a bill is accepted or indorsed when it is overdue, it shall, 
as
  rds the acceptor who so accepts or any indorser who so indorses
it, be
  ed a bill payable on demand.
  1882 c. 61 s. 10 U. K.]
  
  Bill payable at future time
  A bill is payable at a determinable future time within the meaning 
of
  Ordinance which is expressed to be payable--
  at a fixed period after date or sight;
  on or at a fixed period after the occurrence of a specified 
event
  h is certain to happen, though the time of happening may be
uncertain.
  An instrument expressed to be payable on a contingency is not a 
bill,
  the happening of the event does not cure the defect.
  1882 c. 61 s. 11 U. K.]
  Omission of date in bill payable after date
  e a bill expressed to be payable at a fixed period after 
date is
  ed undated, or where the acceptance of a bill payable at a 
fixed
  od after sight is undated, any holder may insert therein the true
date
  ssue or acceptance, and the bill shall be payable 
accordingly:
  ided that--
  where the holder in good faith and by mistake inserts a wrong 
date;
  
  n every case where a wrong date is inserted, if the bill
  equently comes into the hands of a holder in due course, the 
bill
  l not be avoided thereby, but shall operate and be payable as if 
the
  so inserted had been the true date. [cf. 1882 c. 61 s. 12 U. K.]
  Ante-dating and post-dating
  Where a bill or an acceptance or any indorsement on a bill is 
dated,
  date shall, unless the contrary is proved, be deemed to be the 
true
  of the drawing, acceptance, or indorsement, as the case may be.
  A bill is not invalid by reason only that it is ante-dated or 
post-
  d, or that it bears date on a Sunday or any other general holiday.
  nded 5 of 1912 s. 8) [cf. 1882 c. 61 s. 13 U. K.]
  Computation of time of payment
  e a bill is not payable on demand, the day on which it falls due 
is
  rmined as follows--
  the bill is due and payable in all cases on the last day of the 
time
  ayment as fixed by the bill or, if that is a general holiday, on 
the
  eeding business day; (Replaced 67 of 1972 s. 2) [cf. 1971 c. 80
s. 3
  U. K.]
  where a bill is payable at a fixed period after date, after sight, 
or
  r the happening of a specified event, the time of 
payment is
  rmined by excluding the day from which the time is to begin to
run and
  ncluding the day of payment;
  where a bill is payable at a fixed
  od after sight, the time begins to run form the date of the
acceptance
  he bill is accepted, and from the date of noting or protest if 
the
  is noted or protested for non-acceptance or for non-delivery;
  the
  "month" in a bill means calendar month.
  1882 c. 61 s. 14 U. K.]
  Referee in case of need
  drawer of a bill and any indorser may insert therein the name 
of a
  on to whom the holder may resort in case of need, that is to say, 
in
  the bill is dishonoured by non-acceptance or non-payment. Such
person
  alled the referee in case of need. It is in the option of the 
holder
  esort to the referee in case of need or not, as he may think fit.
  1882 c. 61 s. 15 U. K.]
  
  Optional stipulations by drawer or indorser
  drawer of a bill and any indorser may insert therein an 
express
  ulation--
  negativing or limiting his own liability to the holder;
  waiving, as regards himself, some or all of the holder's duties. 
[cf.
  c. 61 s. 16 U. K.]
  Definition and requisites of acceptance
  The acceptance of a bill is the signification by the drawee of 
his
  nt to the order of the drawer.
  An acceptance is invalid unless it complies with the 
following
  itions, namely--
  it must be written on the bill and be signed by
  drawee. The mere signature of the drawee, without additional
words, is
  icient;
  it must not express that the drawee will perform his promise by 
any
  r means than the payment of money.
  1882 c. 61 s. 17 U. K.]
  Time for acceptance
  A bill may be accepted--
  before it has been signed by the drawer, or while 
otherwise
  mplete;
  when it is overdue, or after it has been dishonoured by a
  ious refusal to accept or by non-payment.
  When a bill payable after sight is dishonoured by non-acceptance, 
and
  drawee subsequently accepts it, the holder, in the absence 
of any
  erent agreement, is entitled to have the bill accepted as of the 
date
  irst presentment of the drawee for acceptance.
  nded 51 of 1911; 63 of 1911 Schedule)
  1882 c. 61 s. 18 U. K.]
  General and qualified acceptance
  An acceptance is either (a) general; or (b) qualified.
  A general acceptance assents without qualification to the order
of the
  er. A qualified acceptance in express terms varies the effect of 
the
  as drawn.
  In particular, an acceptance is qualified which is--
  conditional, that is to say, which makes payment by the 
acceptor
  ndent on the fulfilment of a condition therein stated,
  partial, that is to say, an acceptance to pay part only of the 
amount
  which the bill is drawn;
  local, that is to say, an acceptance to pay only at a 
particular
  ified place; an acceptance to pay at a particular place is a 
general
  ptance, unless it expressly states that the bill is to be paid 
there
  and not elsewhere;
  qualified as to time;
  the acceptance of some one or more of the drawees, but not of all.
  1882 c. 61 s. 19 U. K.]
  
  Inchoate instruments
  Where a simple signature on a blank paper is delivered by the 
signer
  rder that it may be converted into a bill, it operates as a 
prima
  e authority to fill it up as a complete bill for any amount, using
the
  ature for that of the drawer, or the acceptor, or an indorser;
and, in
  manner, when a bill is wanting in any material particular, the
person
  ossession of it has a prima facie authority to fill up the omission
in
  way he thinks fit. (Amended 31 of 1981 s. 65)
  In order that any such instrument, when completed, may be 
enforceable
  nst any person who became a party thereto prior to its completion, 
it
  be filled up within a reasonable time and strictly in accordance
with
  authority given. Reasonable time for this purpose is a 
question of
  : Provided that if any such instrument after completion is 
negotiated
  holder in due course, it shall be valid and effectual 
for all
  oses in his hands, and he may enforce it as if it had been filled 
up
  in a reasonable time and strictly in accordance with the 
authority
  n. [cf. 1882 c. 61 s. 20 U. K.]
  Delivery

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